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INTRODUCCIÓN: La correcta manipulación de los alimentos es indispensable para proteger nuestra salud; sin embargo, las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos son bastante frecuentes, siendo el Staphylococcus aureus uno de los agentes causales más comunes. OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia de portación de nasal de Staphylococcus aureus en manipuladores de alimentos del Mercado Nº4 de Asunción - Paraguay, y evaluar su susceptibilidad al antibiótico oxacilina. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y de corte transversal, con componentes analíticos. Se realizaron hisopados nasales en una muestra compuesta por 105 manipuladores de alimentos en el Mercado Nº4 de Asunción - Paraguay con el fin de detectar la portación nasal de Staphylococcus aureus y sus sensibilidad a la oxacilina. También se determinó la asociación entre el sexo y la portación nasal de Staphylococcus aureus mediante la prueba de X2 (Chi cuadrado) con un nivel de significación de 0,05. RESULTADOS: Staphylococcus aureus fue aislado de las muestras nasales provenientes de 33,3 por ciento de los manipuladores de alimentos estudiados. El estudio de susceptibilidad a antibióticos mostró que 88,6 por ciento fueron sensibles a oxacilina, con 5,7 por ciento de sensibilidad intermedia y 5,7 por ciento de resistencia. No se observó asociación entre sexo y portación nasal de Staphylococcus aureus: Prevalencia Relativa =1,23 (Intervalo de Confianza del 95 por ciento: 0,45 1,99; valor p=0,9). DISCUSIÓN: Los resultados de nuestro estudio revelaron una portación nasal de Staphylococcus aureus similar a la comunicada por otros trabajos científicos. Estos resultados confirman la necesidad de educación y programas de capacitación sobre seguridad alimentaria dirigida a manipuladores de alimentos.
INTRODUCTION: Proper food handling is essential to protect our health. However food-borne diseases are common, Staphylococcus aureus being one of the most common causative agents. OBJECTIVE: Determine the prevalence of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in food handlers of Market No. 4 in Asunción - Paraguay, and assess their susceptibility to oxacillin. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study with analytical components. Nasal swabs were performed on a sample of 105 food handlers in the No. 4 market in order to detect nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and their susceptibility to oxacillin. We also determined the association between sex and nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus by the X2 test (Chi square) with a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from nasal swabs from 33.3 percent samples of food handlers studied. The antibiotic susceptibility study showed that 88.6 percent were susceptible to oxacillin, with 5.7 percent sensitivity and 5.7 percent intermediate resistance. There was no association between gender and nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: Relative Prevalence = 1.23 (95 percent of Confidence Interval: 0.45 to 1.99, p value = 0.9). DISCUSSION: The results of our study revealed a Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage similar to that reported by other scientific studies. These results confirm the need for education and training programs focused on food safety for food handlers.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Food Handling , Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology , Nose/microbiology , Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification , Commerce , Cross-Sectional Studies , Hygiene , Methicillin Resistance , Oxacillin , Paraguay , Prevalence , Carrier State/epidemiology , Carrier State/microbiology , Sex Distribution , Staphylococcal Food PoisoningABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the bacterial resistance in nationwide and understand the distribution of bacterial and resistance trend.MethodsThe 6507 clinical isolates were collected from 19 hospitals in 17 cities.The susceptibility tests were performed using agar dilution method recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) in central laboratory.The values of MIC50,MIC90 and MICrange were calculated by SPSS 17.0 and the susceptibilities of isolates to antimicrobial agents were determined by using CLSI (2010) guideline.Of all 6507 isolates,4691 strains were collected from target wards and 1816 were isolated from others wards.ResultsAmong 4691 strains,1156 were Gram-positive (24.6％ ) and 3535 were Gram-negative (75.4％).Based on the minimum inhibitory concentration results,the prevalence of methicillin resistant Stapylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant Stapylococcus epidermidis are 51.6％ ( 325/630 ) and 87.0％ ( 228/262 ) respectively.Staphylococci showing intermediate or full resistance to vancomycin were not observed. Coagulase negative Staphylococci showed 2.5％ (16/642)intermediate rate and 1.6％ ( 10/642 ) full resistance rate to teicoplanin,and showed 0.5％ ( 3/642 )resistance rate to linezolid.Antibiotic resistance rate of Enterococcus faecalis to ampicillin was 17.1％(19/111),while the resistance rate of Enterococcus faecium to ampicillin reached up to 85.0％(164/193).Three Enterococcus faecium were resistant to glycopeptides.The prevalence of penicillin resistance Streptococcus pneumoniae and penicillin intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae were 41.2％ ( 145/352) and 37.2％ (131/352) respectively based on oral penicillin criterion,while the prevalence were 0.0％ (0/352) and 6.0％(21/352) based on vein to non-meningitis criterion.A vast majority of Enterobacteriaceae maintained high susceptibility to carbapenems,with resistance rate less than 2.0％.In addition,tigecycline,moxalactam,fosfomycin and amikacin displayed desirable antibacterial activity against Enterbacteriaceae,and resistance rates to these drugs were all less than 10.0％.For non-fermenting Gramnegative isolates,resistance rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii to imipenem were 23.1％ ( 139/601 ) and 53.5％ (419/784) respectively.Resistance rate of Acinetobacter baumannii was much higher than that during the period 2007 - 2008.Colistin,tigecycline,minocycline and fosfomycin demonstrated good antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii in vitro.Conclusions Compared with MOHNARIN 2007 -2008year surveillance results, significant increase in resistance rate of Acinetobacter baumannii was demonstrated.Resistant strains to linezolid and tigecycline were found.Bacterial resistance has been a widespread problem in our country,which requires much more attention.
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Objective To develop a method of loop-mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP) to Staphyloccocus aureus rapidly, specifically, sensitively and simply suited for the primary health agency. Methods According to conserved nucleotide of Staphyloccocus aureus and principle of LAMP, we designed a set of LAMP primers and set up an LAMP reaction system. We evaluated the specificity, sensitivity and re-peatability of the method. In addition,we evaluated the linearity between initial template copies 1g value and reaction time (the time when the fluorescent value is 1×10~4). Results The optimal assay showed that it was no cross-reaction with other closely related members of pathogens, and was 10 times more sensitive than PCR. The coefficient of variance between tests was less than 5% ,and the kinetics curves showed a good line-arity between initial template copies lg value and reaction time(r~2=0. 9501). The detection activity could be finished within 1 h with the sensitivity of LAMP was 100% and the specificity was 94.4%, and the accuracy was 96.6%. Conclusion These findings demonstrated that the LAMP had the potential clinical application for detection and differentiation of Staphyloccocus aureus in the public health agency for its sensitive, specific and simple feature.